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PID Controller, Auto-tuning Library And Example For DC Motor

This provides libraries and examples code of controlling position and speed of DC motor using PID controller and auto-tuning.

BeginnerFull instructions provided14,637
PID Controller, Auto-tuning Library And Example For DC Motor

Things used in this project

Hardware components

PHPoC Blue
PHPoC Blue
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PHPoC DC Motor Controller (S-type or T-type)
PHPoC DC Motor Controller (S-type or T-type)
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DC Motor with Encoder
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DC Power Jack Connector
DIYables DC Power Jack Connector
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12V power adapter
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Starter Kit
DIYables Starter Kit
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Story

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Code

task0.php

PHP
Examples of speed control
<?php
include_once "/lib/sd_340.php";
include_once "/lib/sd_spc.php";
include_once "vc_pid.php";

function dc_get_speed($sid, $dc_id)
{
	$enc_period = (int)spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc get period");

	if(!$enc_period)
		$speed = 1;
	else
		$speed = 1000000 / $enc_period;
	
	return $speed;
}

$sid = 14;
$dc_id = 1;
$pwm_period = 10000; //10000 us

st_free_setup(0, "us");

spc_reset();
spc_sync_baud(460800);
spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set period $pwm_period");
spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc set psr 64");
spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set decay slow");
spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id lpf set freq 5000");


/*-----------PID parameters-----------*/
$pid = array(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

//$pid[INDEX_KP_GAIN]	= 0; // manually set by user or automatically set by auto-tuning function
//$pid[INDEX_KI_GAIN]	= 0; // manually set by user or automatically set by auto-tuning function
//$pid[INDEX_KD_GAIN]	= 0; // manually set by user or automatically set by auto-tuning function
$pid[INDEX_INT_TERM]	= 0; // initial value
$pid[INDEX_PRE_ERROR]	= 0; // initial value
$pid[INDEX_INT_MAX]  	= 0; // disble limit
$pid[INDEX_INT_MIN]	    = 0; // disble limit
$pid[INDEX_PRE_TIME]    = st_free_get_count(0); //current time
$pid[INDEX_SAMPLE_TIME]	= 10000; // in micro-second
$pid[INDEX_PID_TYPE]	= PID_TYPE_SPEED; // speed control
$pid[INDEX_PID_SCALE]	= 8; // depending on motor, should test manually to have the best value
$pid[INDEX_PWM_PERIOD]	= $pwm_period; 

$setpoint = 3000; //desired speed

/*----------- PID auto-tuning-------------- */
dc_pid_tune_start();
while(!dc_pid_tune_loop($sid, $dc_id, $pid))
	usleep(10000);

/*----------- loop -----------*/
$i = 0;
while($i < 3000)
{
	if($i == 0)
		$setpoint = 3000;
	else if($i == 1000)
		$setpoint = 4000;
	else if($i == 2000)
		$setpoint = 1000;
	
	dc_pid_loop($sid, $dc_id, $setpoint, $pid);

	$speed = dc_get_speed($sid, $dc_id);	
	echo "$speed\r\n";
	$i++;
	
	usleep(1000);
}

spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set width 0");

?>

task0.php

PHP
Example of position control
<?php
include_once "/lib/sd_340.php";
include_once "/lib/sd_spc.php";
include_once "vc_pid.php";

$sid = 14;
$dc_id = 1;
$pwm_period = 10000; //10000 us

st_free_setup(0, "us");

spc_reset();
spc_sync_baud(460800);
spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set period $pwm_period");
spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc set psr 64");
spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set decay slow");
spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id lpf set freq 5000");

/*----------- check enc pol-------------- */
$pwm = 0; $pos = 0;
while(!$pos)
{
	$pwm += 10;
	spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set width $pwm");
	$pos = (int)spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc get pos");
	usleep(1000);
}

if($pos < 0)
	spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc set pol -");
	
spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set width 0");

/*-----------PID parameters-----------*/
$pid = array(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

//$pid[INDEX_KP_GAIN]	= 0; // manually set by user or automatically set by auto-tuning function
//$pid[INDEX_KI_GAIN]	= 0; // manually set by user or automatically set by auto-tuning function
//$pid[INDEX_KD_GAIN]	= 0; // manually set by user or automatically set by auto-tuning function
$pid[INDEX_INT_TERM]	= 0; // initial value
$pid[INDEX_PRE_ERROR]	= 0; // initial value
$pid[INDEX_INT_MAX]  	= 6000; // recommended vaule <= 100% of pwm width for position control
$pid[INDEX_INT_MIN]	    = -6000; // opposite of upper limit
$pid[INDEX_PRE_TIME]    = st_free_get_count(0); //current time
$pid[INDEX_SAMPLE_TIME]	= 10000; // in micro-second
$pid[INDEX_PID_TYPE]	= PID_TYPE_POS; // position control
$pid[INDEX_PID_SCALE]	= 16; // depending on motor, should test manually to have the best value
$pid[INDEX_PWM_PERIOD]	= $pwm_period; 

$setpoint = 2000; //desired position

/*----------- PID auto-tuning-------------- */
dc_pid_tune_start();
while(!dc_pid_tune_loop($sid, $dc_id, $pid))
	usleep(10000);

spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc set pos 0");

/*----------- loop -----------*/
$i = 0;
while($i < 3000)
{
	if($i == 0)
		$setpoint = 2000;
	else if($i == 1000)
		$setpoint = 3000;
	else if($i == 2000)
		$setpoint = 1000;
	
	dc_pid_loop($sid, $dc_id, $setpoint, $pid);

	$pos = (int)spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc get pos");	
	echo "$pos $setpoint\r\n";
	$i++;
	
	usleep(1000);
}

spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set width 0");

?>

vc_pid.php

PHP
PID library (including auto-tuning)
<?php

define("INDEX_KP_GAIN",		0); // index of proportional gain in pid array
define("INDEX_KI_GAIN",		1); // index of integral gain in pid array 
define("INDEX_KD_GAIN",		2); // index of differential gain in pid array 
define("INDEX_INT_TERM",	3); // index of integral term in pid array
define("INDEX_PRE_ERROR",	4); // index of last error in pid array 
define("INDEX_INT_MAX",	    5); // index of maximum integral in pid array 
define("INDEX_INT_MIN",	    6); // index of minimum integral in pid array 
define("INDEX_PRE_TIME",	7); // index of last calculated time in pid array
define("INDEX_SAMPLE_TIME",	8); // index of sampling time
define("INDEX_PID_TYPE", 	9); // index of pid type: speed: PID_TYPE_SPEED or position: PID_TYPE_POS
define("INDEX_PID_SCALE", 	10); // index of pid scale factor
define("INDEX_PWM_PERIOD", 	11); // index of PWM period

define("PID_TYPE_NONE",  0);
define("PID_TYPE_POS",   1);
define("PID_TYPE_SPEED", 2);

define("INT_OVERFLOW",	 0x7fffffffffffffff);
define("INT_UNDERFLOW",	 0x8000000000000000);

/* PID tuning state machine */
define("PID_TUNE_STATE_IDLE",   0);
define("PID_TUNE_STATE_START",  1);
define("PID_TUNE_STATE_WAIT",   2);
define("PID_TUNE_STATE_LOOP",   3);
define("PID_TUNE_STATE_END",    4);

$pid_tune_state 		= PID_TUNE_STATE_START;

$pid_tune_input 		= 0;
$pid_tune_base_input	= 0;
$pid_tune_step 			= 0;
$pid_tune_setpoint 		= 0;
$pid_tune_pre_feedback 	= 0;
$pid_tune_cur_feedback 	= 0;

$pid_tune_change_dir 	= 0; //0: initial, 1: go up, -1 go down
$pid_tune_max_sum 		= 0.0;
$pid_tune_min_sum 		= 0.0;
$pid_tune_max_count 	= 0;
$pid_tune_min_count 	= 0;
$pid_tune_noiseband 	= 2;
$pid_tune_start_time 	= 0;
$pid_tune_end_time 		= 0;
$pid_tune_wait_count 	= 0;

function dc_pid_compute($target, $feedback, &$dc_pid)
{
	$cur_time = st_free_get_count(0);
	$sample_time = ($cur_time - $dc_pid[INDEX_PRE_TIME]) / 1000000.0;
	
	if($sample_time <=0) 
		return 0;
	
	$Kp = $dc_pid[INDEX_KP_GAIN];
	$Ki = $dc_pid[INDEX_KI_GAIN];
	$Kd = $dc_pid[INDEX_KD_GAIN];
	$I_term = $dc_pid[INDEX_INT_TERM];
	$pre_err = $dc_pid[INDEX_PRE_ERROR];
	
	$cur_err = $target - $feedback;
	
	/* proportional term computation */
	$P_term = $Kp * $cur_err;
	
	/* integral term computation */
	if((float)$Ki == 0.0)
		$I_term = 0;
	else
	{
		$partition = $Ki * $cur_err * $sample_time;
		
		if($partition > 0)
			$partition  = ceil($partition);
		else
			$partition  = floor($partition);
		
		$I_term += $partition;
		
		/*
		// Check  integral overflow	
		if($I_term > 0 && $partition < 0 && $dc_pid[INDEX_INT_TERM] < 0)
				$I_term = INT_UNDERFLOW;
		
		else if($I_term < 0 && $partition > 0 && $dc_pid[INDEX_INT_TERM] > 0)
				$I_term = INT_OVERFLOW;
		*/
		
		// Check integral bound
		if($dc_pid[INDEX_INT_MAX] != 0 &&($I_term > $dc_pid[INDEX_INT_MAX]))
			$I_term = $dc_pid[INDEX_INT_MAX];
		
		if($dc_pid[INDEX_INT_MIN] != 0 &&($I_term < $dc_pid[INDEX_INT_MIN]))
			$I_term = $dc_pid[INDEX_INT_MIN];
	}
	
	/* differential term computation */
	$D_term = $Kd * ($cur_err - $pre_err) / $sample_time;
	
	$output = round($P_term + $I_term + $D_term);
	
	$dc_pid[INDEX_INT_TERM] = $I_term;
	$dc_pid[INDEX_PRE_ERROR] = $cur_err;
	$dc_pid[INDEX_PRE_TIME] = $cur_time;
	
	return (int)$output;
}

function dc_pid_loop($sid, $dc_id, $target, &$pid)
{
	$cur_time = st_free_get_count(0);
	$sample_time = $cur_time - $pid[INDEX_PRE_TIME];

	if($sample_time >= $pid[INDEX_SAMPLE_TIME])
	{
		if($pid[INDEX_PID_TYPE] == PID_TYPE_POS)
		{
			$cur_pos = (int)spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc get pos");

			$pwm_width = (int)dc_pid_compute($target, $cur_pos, $pid) / $pid[INDEX_PID_SCALE];

			if($pwm_width >= 0)
				$dir = "+";
			else
			{
				$dir = "-";
				$pwm_width *= -1;
			}

			if($target == $cur_pos)
			{
				$pid[INDEX_INT_TERM] = 0;
				$pwm_width = 0;
			}

			spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set dir $dir");
			spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set width $pwm_width");
		}
		else if($pid[INDEX_PID_TYPE] == PID_TYPE_SPEED)
		{
			$enc_period = (int)spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc get period");

			if(!$enc_period)
				$cur_speed = 1;
			else
				$cur_speed = 1000000 / $enc_period;

			$pwm_width = (int)dc_pid_compute($target, $cur_speed, $pid) / $pid[INDEX_PID_SCALE];

			if($target == $cur_speed)
				return;

			if($pwm_width < 0)
				$pwm_width = 0;

			spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set width $pwm_width");
		}
	}
}

function dc_pid_tune_start()
{
	global $pid_tune_state;
	$pid_tune_state = PID_TUNE_STATE_START;
}

function dc_pid_tune_loop($sid, $dc_id, &$pid)
{
	global $pid_tune_state;

	global $pid_tune_input;
	global $pid_tune_base_input;
	global $pid_tune_step;
	global $pid_tune_setpoint;
	global $pid_tune_pre_feedback;
	global $pid_tune_cur_feedback;

	global $pid_tune_change_dir;
	global $pid_tune_max_sum;
	global $pid_tune_min_sum;
	global $pid_tune_max_count;
	global $pid_tune_min_count;
	global $pid_tune_noiseband;
	global $pid_tune_start_time;
	global $pid_tune_end_time;

	global $pid_tune_wait_count;

	switch($pid_tune_state)
	{
		case PID_TUNE_STATE_START:
			//echo "PID: Tuning...\r\n";

			$pwm_period = $pid[INDEX_PWM_PERIOD];

			if($pid[INDEX_PID_TYPE] == PID_TYPE_POS)
			{
				$pid_tune_base_input = 0;
				$pid_tune_step = $pwm_period * 3 / 10; /* 30% */
			}
			else if($pid[INDEX_PID_TYPE] == PID_TYPE_SPEED)
			{
				$pid_tune_base_input = $pwm_period * 4 / 10; /* 40% */
				$pid_tune_step = $pwm_period / 10; /* 10% */
			}
			else
				return false;

			$pid_tune_input = $pid_tune_base_input;

			spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set width $pid_tune_input");

			$pid_tune_wait_count = 500000 / $pid[INDEX_SAMPLE_TIME]; // 500000 us
			$pid_tune_state = PID_TUNE_STATE_WAIT;
			return false;

		case PID_TUNE_STATE_WAIT:
			/* wait to let process settle to a steady state */
			if($pid_tune_wait_count--)
				return false;

			if($pid[INDEX_PID_TYPE] == PID_TYPE_POS)
				$pid_tune_setpoint = (int)spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc get pos");
			else if($pid[INDEX_PID_TYPE] == PID_TYPE_SPEED)
			{
				$enc_period = (int)spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc get period");

				if(!$enc_period)
					$enc_pps = 1;
				else
					$enc_pps = 1000000 / $enc_period;
				
				$pid_tune_setpoint = $enc_pps;
			}
			else
				return false;

			$pid_tune_pre_feedback = $pid_tune_setpoint;

			$pid_tune_change_dir = 0;
			$pid_tune_max_sum = 0.0;
			$pid_tune_min_sum = 0.0;
			$pid_tune_max_count = 0;
			$pid_tune_min_count = 0;
			$pid_tune_noiseband = 4;
			$pid_tune_start_time = 0;
			$pid_tune_end_time = 0;

			$pid_tune_input = $pid_tune_base_input + $pid_tune_step;

			$pid_tune_state = PID_TUNE_STATE_LOOP;
			return false;

		case PID_TUNE_STATE_LOOP:
			if($pid[INDEX_PID_TYPE] == PID_TYPE_POS)
				$pid_tune_cur_feedback = (int)spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc get pos");
			else if($pid[INDEX_PID_TYPE] == PID_TYPE_SPEED)
			{
				$enc_period = (int)spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id enc get period");
				
				if(!$enc_period)
					$enc_pps = 1;
				else
					$enc_pps = 1000000 / $enc_period;
				
				$pid_tune_cur_feedback = $enc_pps;
			}
			else
				return false;

			if($pid_tune_cur_feedback > $pid_tune_pre_feedback)
			{
				if($pid_tune_change_dir == -1)
				{
					if($pid_tune_max_count >= 2) // Ignore the first maximum
					{
						$pid_tune_min_sum += $pid_tune_pre_feedback;
						$pid_tune_min_count++;
					}
				}

				$pid_tune_change_dir = 1;
			}
			else
			if($pid_tune_cur_feedback < $pid_tune_pre_feedback)
			{
				if($pid_tune_change_dir == 1)
				{
					if($pid_tune_max_count >= 1)
						$pid_tune_max_sum += $pid_tune_pre_feedback;

					$pid_tune_max_count++;

					if($pid_tune_max_count == 2)
						$pid_tune_start_time = st_free_get_count(0);
					else if($pid_tune_max_count == 12)
					{
						$pid_tune_end_time = st_free_get_count(0);
						$pid_tune_state = PID_TUNE_STATE_END;
						return false;
					}
				}

				$pid_tune_change_dir = -1;
			}

			if($pid_tune_setpoint > ($pid_tune_cur_feedback + $pid_tune_noiseband))
				$pid_tune_input = $pid_tune_base_input + $pid_tune_step;
			else if($pid_tune_setpoint < ($pid_tune_cur_feedback - $pid_tune_noiseband))
				$pid_tune_input = $pid_tune_base_input - $pid_tune_step;

			if($pid_tune_input >= 0)
			{
				spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set dir +");
				spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set width $pid_tune_input");
			}
			else
			{
				$width = -1 * $pid_tune_input;
				spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set dir -");
				spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set width $width");
			}

			$pid_tune_pre_feedback = $pid_tune_cur_feedback;
			return false;

		case PID_TUNE_STATE_END:
			/*stop motor*/
			spc_request_dev($sid, "dc$dc_id pwm set width 0");

			/*evaluate ultimate gain using autotune formulas*/

			$avr_max = ((float)$pid_tune_max_sum) / ($pid_tune_max_count - 1);
			$avr_min = ((float)$pid_tune_min_sum) / $pid_tune_min_count;
			$a = ($avr_max - $avr_min) / 2.0;

			$Tu = ($pid_tune_end_time - $pid_tune_start_time) / 10.0 / 1000000; //average of 10 cycles in second
			$Ku = 4 * $pid_tune_step / (M_PI * $a);

			/*
			//classic PID according to Ziegler–Nichols method
			$pid[INDEX_KP_GAIN] = 0.6 * $Ku;
			$pid[INDEX_KI_GAIN] = 2 / $Tu ;
			$pid[INDEX_KD_GAIN] = $Tu / 8;
			*/

			/*no overshoot according to Ziegler–Nichols method*/
			$pid[INDEX_KP_GAIN] = 0.2 * $Ku;
			$pid[INDEX_KI_GAIN] = 2.0 / $Tu;
			$pid[INDEX_KD_GAIN] = $Tu / 3.0;

			$pid_tune_state = PID_TUNE_STATE_IDLE;

			echo "PID TUNED Kp: ", $pid[INDEX_KP_GAIN], "\r\n";
			echo "PID TUNED Ki: ", $pid[INDEX_KI_GAIN], "\r\n";
			echo "PID TUNED Kd: ", $pid[INDEX_KD_GAIN], "\r\n";
			return true;

		default:
			return true;
	}
}
?>

Credits

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phpoc_man

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