Attila Tőkés
Published © CC BY

LoRaWAN Gateway with RAK2245 Pi HAT and Raspberry Pi 4

DIY LoRaWAN gateway with support The Thing Networks and Helium.

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LoRaWAN Gateway with RAK2245 Pi HAT and Raspberry Pi 4

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Schematics

Code

TTGO T-Beam - TTN Example Sketch

Arduino
/*******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2015 Thomas Telkamp and Matthijs Kooijman
 * Copyright (c) 2018 Terry Moore, MCCI
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to anyone
 * obtaining a copy of this document and accompanying files,
 * to do whatever they want with them without any restriction,
 * including, but not limited to, copying, modification and redistribution.
 * NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND IS PROVIDED.
 *
 * This example sends a valid LoRaWAN packet with payload "Hello,
 * world!", using frequency and encryption settings matching those of
 * the The Things Network.
 *
 * This uses OTAA (Over-the-air activation), where where a DevEUI and
 * application key is configured, which are used in an over-the-air
 * activation procedure where a DevAddr and session keys are
 * assigned/generated for use with all further communication.
 *
 * Note: LoRaWAN per sub-band duty-cycle limitation is enforced (1% in
 * g1, 0.1% in g2), but not the TTN fair usage policy (which is probably
 * violated by this sketch when left running for longer)!

 * To use this sketch, first register your application and device with
 * the things network, to set or generate an AppEUI, DevEUI and AppKey.
 * Multiple devices can use the same AppEUI, but each device has its own
 * DevEUI and AppKey.
 *
 * Do not forget to define the radio type correctly in
 * arduino-lmic/project_config/lmic_project_config.h or from your BOARDS.txt.
 *
 *******************************************************************************/

#include <lmic.h>
#include <hal/hal.h>
#include <SPI.h>

const uint8_t LED_PIN = 14;

//
// For normal use, we require that you edit the sketch to replace FILLMEIN
// with values assigned by the TTN console. However, for regression tests,
// we want to be able to compile these scripts. The regression tests define
// COMPILE_REGRESSION_TEST, and in that case we define FILLMEIN to a non-
// working but innocuous value.
//
#ifdef COMPILE_REGRESSION_TEST
# define FILLMEIN 0
#else
# warning "You must replace the values marked FILLMEIN with real values from the TTN control panel!"
# define FILLMEIN (#dont edit this, edit the lines that use FILLMEIN)
#endif

// This EUI must be in little-endian format, so least-significant-byte
// first. When copying an EUI from ttnctl output, this means to reverse
// the bytes. For TTN issued EUIs the last bytes should be 0xD5, 0xB3,
// 0x70.
static const u1_t PROGMEM APPEUI[8]= { 0xBE, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__ };
void os_getArtEui (u1_t* buf) { memcpy_P(buf, APPEUI, 8);}

// This should also be in little endian format, see above.
static const u1_t PROGMEM DEVEUI[8]= { 0x71, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__ };
void os_getDevEui (u1_t* buf) { memcpy_P(buf, DEVEUI, 8);}
//
// This key should be in big endian format (or, since it is not really a
// number but a block of memory, endianness does not really apply). In
// practice, a key taken from ttnctl can be copied as-is.
static const u1_t PROGMEM APPKEY[16] = { 0x46, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__, 0x__ };
void os_getDevKey (u1_t* buf) {  memcpy_P(buf, APPKEY, 16);}

static uint8_t mydata[] = "Hello, world!";
static osjob_t sendjob;

// Schedule TX every this many seconds (might become longer due to duty
// cycle limitations).
const unsigned TX_INTERVAL = 60;

// Pin mapping
const lmic_pinmap lmic_pins = {   // orig:
    .nss = 18,                    //   6,
    .rxtx = LMIC_UNUSED_PIN,      //   LMIC_UNUSED_PIN,
    .rst = 23,                    //   5,
    .dio = {26, 33, 32}           //   {2, 3, 4},
};

void printHex2(unsigned v) {
    v &= 0xff;
    if (v < 16)
        Serial.print('0');
    Serial.print(v, HEX);
}

void onEvent (ev_t ev) {
    Serial.print(os_getTime());
    Serial.print(": ");
    switch(ev) {
        case EV_SCAN_TIMEOUT:
            Serial.println(F("EV_SCAN_TIMEOUT"));
            break;
        case EV_BEACON_FOUND:
            Serial.println(F("EV_BEACON_FOUND"));
            break;
        case EV_BEACON_MISSED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_BEACON_MISSED"));
            break;
        case EV_BEACON_TRACKED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_BEACON_TRACKED"));
            break;
        case EV_JOINING:
            Serial.println(F("EV_JOINING"));
            break;
        case EV_JOINED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_JOINED"));
            {
              u4_t netid = 0;
              devaddr_t devaddr = 0;
              u1_t nwkKey[16];
              u1_t artKey[16];
              LMIC_getSessionKeys(&netid, &devaddr, nwkKey, artKey);
              Serial.print("netid: ");
              Serial.println(netid, DEC);
              Serial.print("devaddr: ");
              Serial.println(devaddr, HEX);
              Serial.print("AppSKey: ");
              for (size_t i=0; i<sizeof(artKey); ++i) {
                if (i != 0)
                  Serial.print("-");
                printHex2(artKey[i]);
              }
              Serial.println("");
              Serial.print("NwkSKey: ");
              for (size_t i=0; i<sizeof(nwkKey); ++i) {
                      if (i != 0)
                              Serial.print("-");
                      printHex2(nwkKey[i]);
              }
              Serial.println();
            }
            // Disable link check validation (automatically enabled
            // during join, but because slow data rates change max TX
	    // size, we don't use it in this example.
            LMIC_setLinkCheckMode(0);
            break;
        /*
        || This event is defined but not used in the code. No
        || point in wasting codespace on it.
        ||
        || case EV_RFU1:
        ||     Serial.println(F("EV_RFU1"));
        ||     break;
        */
        case EV_JOIN_FAILED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_JOIN_FAILED"));
            break;
        case EV_REJOIN_FAILED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_REJOIN_FAILED"));
            break;
        case EV_TXCOMPLETE:
            Serial.println(F("EV_TXCOMPLETE (includes waiting for RX windows)"));
            if (LMIC.txrxFlags & TXRX_ACK)
              Serial.println(F("Received ack"));
            if (LMIC.dataLen) {
              Serial.print(F("Received "));
              Serial.print(LMIC.dataLen);
              Serial.println(F(" bytes of payload"));
            }
            // Schedule next transmission
            os_setTimedCallback(&sendjob, os_getTime()+sec2osticks(TX_INTERVAL), do_send);
            break;
        case EV_LOST_TSYNC:
            Serial.println(F("EV_LOST_TSYNC"));
            break;
        case EV_RESET:
            Serial.println(F("EV_RESET"));
            break;
        case EV_RXCOMPLETE:
            // data received in ping slot
            Serial.println(F("EV_RXCOMPLETE"));
            break;
        case EV_LINK_DEAD:
            Serial.println(F("EV_LINK_DEAD"));
            break;
        case EV_LINK_ALIVE:
            Serial.println(F("EV_LINK_ALIVE"));
            break;
        /*
        || This event is defined but not used in the code. No
        || point in wasting codespace on it.
        ||
        || case EV_SCAN_FOUND:
        ||    Serial.println(F("EV_SCAN_FOUND"));
        ||    break;
        */
        case EV_TXSTART:
            Serial.println(F("EV_TXSTART"));
            break;
        case EV_TXCANCELED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_TXCANCELED"));
            break;
        case EV_RXSTART:
            /* do not print anything -- it wrecks timing */
            break;
        case EV_JOIN_TXCOMPLETE:
            Serial.println(F("EV_JOIN_TXCOMPLETE: no JoinAccept"));
            break;

        default:
            Serial.print(F("Unknown event: "));
            Serial.println((unsigned) ev);
            break;
    }
}

void do_send(osjob_t* j){
    // Check if there is not a current TX/RX job running
    if (LMIC.opmode & OP_TXRXPEND) {
        Serial.println(F("OP_TXRXPEND, not sending"));
    } else {
        // Prepare upstream data transmission at the next possible time.
        LMIC_setTxData2(1, mydata, sizeof(mydata)-1, 0);
        Serial.println(F("Packet queued"));
    }
    // Next TX is scheduled after TX_COMPLETE event.
}

#define SCK_GPIO        5
#define MISO_GPIO       19
#define MOSI_GPIO       27
#define NSS_GPIO        18

void setup() {
    pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
    digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);
    
    Serial.begin(9600);
    Serial.println(F("Starting"));

    #ifdef VCC_ENABLE
    // For Pinoccio Scout boards
    pinMode(VCC_ENABLE, OUTPUT);
    digitalWrite(VCC_ENABLE, HIGH);
    delay(1000);
    #endif

    // LMIC init
    Serial.println(F("  - spi init"));
    SPI.begin(SCK_GPIO, MISO_GPIO, MOSI_GPIO, NSS_GPIO);
    
    Serial.println(F("  - os init"));
    os_init();    
    // Reset the MAC state. Session and pending data transfers will be discarded.
    Serial.println(F("  - lmic_reset"));
    LMIC_reset();

    // Start job (sending automatically starts OTAA too)
    do_send(&sendjob);
}

void loop() {
    os_runloop_once();
}

eu.sys.config

Erlang
Helium Miner EU868 Configuration File
%% -*- erlang -*-
[
 {kernel,
  [
   %% force distributed erlang to only run on localhost
   {inet_dist_use_interface, {127,0,0,1}}
  ]},
 {lager,
  [
   {suppress_supervisor_start_stop, true},
   {log_root, "/var/log/miner"},
   {crash_log, "crash.log"},
   {colored, true},
   {metadata_whitelist, [poc_id]},
   {handlers,
    [
     {lager_file_backend, [{file, "console.log"}, {level, info}]},
     {lager_file_backend, [{file, "error.log"}, {level, error}]}
    ]}
  ]},
 {blockchain,
  [
   {honor_quick_sync, true},
   {quick_sync_mode, blessed_snapshot},
   {blessed_snapshot_block_height, 379441},
   {blessed_snapshot_block_hash,
    <<42,208,181,251,225,22,74,80,97,106,74,93,79,251,76,206,234,40,220,9,31,254,18,70,181,108,146,153,47,152,177,2>>},
   {port, 44158},
   %{key, {ecc, [{key_slot, 0}, {onboarding_key_slot, 15}]}}, %% don't make this the last line in the stanza because sed and keep it on one line
   {base_dir, "/var/data"},
   {num_consensus_members, 16},
   {seed_nodes, "/ip4/34.222.64.221/tcp/2154,/ip4/34.208.255.251/tcp/2154"},
   {seed_node_dns, "seed.helium.foundation"},
   {peerbook_update_interval, 900000},
   {max_inbound_connections, 6},
   {outbound_gossip_connections, 2},
   {peerbook_allow_rfc1918, false},
   {metadata_fun, fun miner_util:metadata_fun/0},
   {relay_limit, 50},
   {gw_cache_retention_limit, 0},
   {gw_context_cache_max_size, 15}
  ]},
 {relcast,
  [
   {db_open_opts,
    [{total_threads, 4},
     {max_background_jobs, 2},
     {max_background_compactions, 2}
     %% {max_background_flushes, 2}, % not sure if needed
    ]},
   {defer_count_threshold, 30},
   {defer_time_threshold, 1000}
  ]},
 {rocksdb,

  [{global_opts,
    [
     {max_open_files, 128},
     {compaction_style, universal},
     {block_based_table_options, [{cache_index_and_filter_blocks, true}]},
     {memtable_memory_budget, 8388608},  % 8MB
     {arena_block_size, 262144}, % 256kB
     {write_buffer_size, 262144}, % 256kB
     {db_write_buffer_size, 8388608}, % 8MB
     {max_write_buffer_number, 8},
     {keep_log_file_num, 5}
    ]}
  ]},
 {miner,
  [
   {use_ebus, false},
   {batch_size, 2500},
   {curve, 'SS512'},
   {block_time, 60000},
   {update_dir, "/opt/miner/update"},
   {election_interval, 30},
   {radio_device, { {0,0,0,0}, 1680,
                    {127,0,0,1}, 31341} },
   {default_routers, ["/p2p/112qB3YaH5bZkCnKA5uRH7tBtGNv2Y5B4smv1jsmvGUzgKT71QpE", "/p2p/1124CJ9yJaHq4D6ugyPCDnSBzQik61C1BqD9VMh1vsUmjwt16HNB"]},
   {mark_mods, [miner_hbbft_handler]},
   {stabilization_period_start, 187000},
   %% dont perform regionalised checks in dev envs
   %% we only realy need the params below if this file is changed to specify a radio device
   %% as without one miner_lora is not started
   %% including the params anyway in case someone needs it in a dev env
   {override_reg_domain_check, true},
   %% use defaults below for dev envs in US / zone 2 locations
   %%{default_reg_region, 'US915'},
   %%{default_reg_geo_zone, 'zone2'},
   %%{default_reg_freq_list, [903.9, 904.1, 904.3, 904.5, 904.7, 904.9, 905.1, 905.3]}
   %% use defaults below for dev envs in EU / zone 1 locations
   {default_reg_region, 'EU868'},
   {default_reg_geo_zone, 'zone1'},
   {default_reg_freq_list, [867.1, 867.3, 867.5, 867.7, 867.9, 868.1, 868.3, 868.5]}
  ]}
].

TTGO T-Beam - Helium Example

Arduino
/*******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2015 Thomas Telkamp and Matthijs Kooijman
 * Copyright (c) 2018 Terry Moore, MCCI
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to anyone
 * obtaining a copy of this document and accompanying files,
 * to do whatever they want with them without any restriction,
 * including, but not limited to, copying, modification and redistribution.
 * NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND IS PROVIDED.
 *
 * This example sends a valid LoRaWAN packet with payload "Hello,
 * world!", using frequency and encryption settings matching those of
 * the The Things Network.
 *
 * This uses OTAA (Over-the-air activation), where where a DevEUI and
 * application key is configured, which are used in an over-the-air
 * activation procedure where a DevAddr and session keys are
 * assigned/generated for use with all further communication.
 *
 * Note: LoRaWAN per sub-band duty-cycle limitation is enforced (1% in
 * g1, 0.1% in g2), but not the TTN fair usage policy (which is probably
 * violated by this sketch when left running for longer)!

 * To use this sketch, first register your application and device with
 * the things network, to set or generate an AppEUI, DevEUI and AppKey.
 * Multiple devices can use the same AppEUI, but each device has its own
 * DevEUI and AppKey.
 *
 * Do not forget to define the radio type correctly in
 * arduino-lmic/project_config/lmic_project_config.h or from your BOARDS.txt.
 *
 *******************************************************************************/

//#undef CFG_us915
//#define CFG_eu868

#include <lmic.h>
#include <hal/hal.h>
#include <SPI.h>

const uint8_t LED_PIN = 14;

//
// For normal use, we require that you edit the sketch to replace FILLMEIN
// with values assigned by the TTN console. However, for regression tests,
// we want to be able to compile these scripts. The regression tests define
// COMPILE_REGRESSION_TEST, and in that case we define FILLMEIN to a non-
// working but innocuous value.
//
#ifdef COMPILE_REGRESSION_TEST
# define FILLMEIN 0
#else
# warning "You must replace the values marked FILLMEIN with real values from the TTN control panel!"
# define FILLMEIN (#dont edit this, edit the lines that use FILLMEIN)
#endif

// This EUI must be in little-endian format, so least-significant-byte
// first. When copying an EUI from ttnctl output, this means to reverse
// the bytes. For TTN issued EUIs the last bytes should be 0xD5, 0xB3,
// 0x70.
//static const u1_t PROGMEM APPEUI[8]= { ... };
static const u1_t PROGMEM APPEUI[8]= { ... }; // Helium
void os_getArtEui (u1_t* buf) { memcpy_P(buf, APPEUI, 8);}

// This should also be in little endian format, see above.
//static const u1_t PROGMEM DEVEUI[8]= { ... };
static const u1_t PROGMEM DEVEUI[8]= {... }; // Helium
void os_getDevEui (u1_t* buf) { memcpy_P(buf, DEVEUI, 8);}
//
// This key should be in big endian format (or, since it is not really a
// number but a block of memory, endianness does not really apply). In
// practice, a key taken from ttnctl can be copied as-is.
//static const u1_t PROGMEM APPKEY[16] = { ... };
static const u1_t PROGMEM APPKEY[16] = { ... }; // Helium
void os_getDevKey (u1_t* buf) {  memcpy_P(buf, APPKEY, 16);}

static uint8_t mydata[] = "Hello, world!";
static osjob_t sendjob;

// Schedule TX every this many seconds (might become longer due to duty
// cycle limitations).
const unsigned TX_INTERVAL = 60;

// Pin mapping
const lmic_pinmap lmic_pins = {   // orig:
    .nss = 18,                    //   6,
    .rxtx = LMIC_UNUSED_PIN,      //   LMIC_UNUSED_PIN,
    .rst = 23,                    //   5,
    .dio = {26, 33, 32}           //   {2, 3, 4},
};

void printHex2(unsigned v) {
    v &= 0xff;
    if (v < 16)
        Serial.print('0');
    Serial.print(v, HEX);
}

void onEvent (ev_t ev) {
    Serial.print(os_getTime());
    Serial.print(": ");
    switch(ev) {
        case EV_SCAN_TIMEOUT:
            Serial.println(F("EV_SCAN_TIMEOUT"));
            break;
        case EV_BEACON_FOUND:
            Serial.println(F("EV_BEACON_FOUND"));
            break;
        case EV_BEACON_MISSED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_BEACON_MISSED"));
            break;
        case EV_BEACON_TRACKED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_BEACON_TRACKED"));
            break;
        case EV_JOINING:
            Serial.println(F("EV_JOINING"));
            break;
        case EV_JOINED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_JOINED"));
            {
              u4_t netid = 0;
              devaddr_t devaddr = 0;
              u1_t nwkKey[16];
              u1_t artKey[16];
              LMIC_getSessionKeys(&netid, &devaddr, nwkKey, artKey);
              Serial.print("netid: ");
              Serial.println(netid, DEC);
              Serial.print("devaddr: ");
              Serial.println(devaddr, HEX);
              Serial.print("AppSKey: ");
              for (size_t i=0; i<sizeof(artKey); ++i) {
                if (i != 0)
                  Serial.print("-");
                printHex2(artKey[i]);
              }
              Serial.println("");
              Serial.print("NwkSKey: ");
              for (size_t i=0; i<sizeof(nwkKey); ++i) {
                      if (i != 0)
                              Serial.print("-");
                      printHex2(nwkKey[i]);
              }
              Serial.println();
            }
            // Disable link check validation (automatically enabled
            // during join, but because slow data rates change max TX
	    // size, we don't use it in this example.
            LMIC_setLinkCheckMode(0);
            break;
        /*
        || This event is defined but not used in the code. No
        || point in wasting codespace on it.
        ||
        || case EV_RFU1:
        ||     Serial.println(F("EV_RFU1"));
        ||     break;
        */
        case EV_JOIN_FAILED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_JOIN_FAILED"));
            break;
        case EV_REJOIN_FAILED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_REJOIN_FAILED"));
            break;
        case EV_TXCOMPLETE:
            Serial.println(F("EV_TXCOMPLETE (includes waiting for RX windows)"));
            if (LMIC.txrxFlags & TXRX_ACK)
              Serial.println(F("Received ack"));
            if (LMIC.dataLen) {
              Serial.print(F("Received "));
              Serial.print(LMIC.dataLen);
              Serial.println(F(" bytes of payload"));
            }
            // Schedule next transmission
            os_setTimedCallback(&sendjob, os_getTime()+sec2osticks(TX_INTERVAL), do_send);
            break;
        case EV_LOST_TSYNC:
            Serial.println(F("EV_LOST_TSYNC"));
            break;
        case EV_RESET:
            Serial.println(F("EV_RESET"));
            break;
        case EV_RXCOMPLETE:
            // data received in ping slot
            Serial.println(F("EV_RXCOMPLETE"));
            break;
        case EV_LINK_DEAD:
            Serial.println(F("EV_LINK_DEAD"));
            break;
        case EV_LINK_ALIVE:
            Serial.println(F("EV_LINK_ALIVE"));
            break;
        /*
        || This event is defined but not used in the code. No
        || point in wasting codespace on it.
        ||
        || case EV_SCAN_FOUND:
        ||    Serial.println(F("EV_SCAN_FOUND"));
        ||    break;
        */
        case EV_TXSTART:
            Serial.println(F("EV_TXSTART"));
            break;
        case EV_TXCANCELED:
            Serial.println(F("EV_TXCANCELED"));
            break;
        case EV_RXSTART:
            /* do not print anything -- it wrecks timing */
            break;
        case EV_JOIN_TXCOMPLETE:
            Serial.println(F("EV_JOIN_TXCOMPLETE: no JoinAccept"));
            break;

        default:
            Serial.print(F("Unknown event: "));
            Serial.println((unsigned) ev);
            break;
    }
}

void do_send(osjob_t* j){
    // Check if there is not a current TX/RX job running
    if (LMIC.opmode & OP_TXRXPEND) {
        Serial.println(F("OP_TXRXPEND, not sending"));
    } else {
        // Prepare upstream data transmission at the next possible time.
        LMIC_setTxData2(1, mydata, sizeof(mydata)-1, 0);
        Serial.println(F("Packet queued"));
    }
    // Next TX is scheduled after TX_COMPLETE event.
}

#define SCK_GPIO        5
#define MISO_GPIO       19
#define MOSI_GPIO       27
#define NSS_GPIO        18

void setup() {
    pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
    digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);
    
    Serial.begin(9600);
    Serial.println(F("Starting"));

    #ifdef VCC_ENABLE
    // For Pinoccio Scout boards
    pinMode(VCC_ENABLE, OUTPUT);
    digitalWrite(VCC_ENABLE, HIGH);
    delay(1000);
    #endif

    // LMIC init
    Serial.println(F("  - spi init"));
    SPI.begin(SCK_GPIO, MISO_GPIO, MOSI_GPIO, NSS_GPIO);
    
    Serial.println(F("  - os init"));
    os_init();    
    // Reset the MAC state. Session and pending data transfers will be discarded.
    Serial.println(F("  - lmic_reset"));
    LMIC_reset();

    LMIC_setClockError(1 * MAX_CLOCK_ERROR / 40);

    //LMIC_setLinkCheckMode(0);
    //LMIC_setDrTxpow(DR_SF7,14);
    //LMIC_selectSubBand(6);
    //LMIC_selectSubBand(2);

    // Start job (sending automatically starts OTAA too)
    do_send(&sendjob);
}

void loop() {
    os_runloop_once();
}

Credits

Attila Tőkés

Attila Tőkés

36 projects • 220 followers
Software Engineer experimenting with hardware projects involving IoT, Computer Vision, ML & AI, FPGA, Crypto and other related technologies.

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