Published March 20, 2024 © GPL3+

Human Heart Simulation with arrhythmia using Electronics

A Simple working human heart model with electronics for visualization of arrhythmia.

AdvancedWork in progress20 days341

Human Heart Simulation with arrhythmia using Electronics

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Arduino UNO

LED (generic)

Resistor 100 ohm

Resistor 220 ohm

SG90 Micro-servo motor

Single Turn Potentiometer- 10k ohms

Rotary Potentiometer, 250 kohm

Slide Switch

Adafruit RGB Backlight LCD - 16x2

Software apps and online services

Arduino IDE

Story

ECG interpretation is a lifesaving skill. To interpret the ECG, one must understand the physiology and science behind it. My aim is to develop a handheld device that will help paramedics, undergraduate residents, school/college students, or anyone interested in ECG interpretation to learn about the mechanism of action. I hope this device will create interest for students to learn and will help interpret ECG. I used simple electronics like LEDs and servo motors to visualize the human heart. By selecting a rhythm in the selector switch, the rhythm selection will be displayed in the LCD and LEDs will glow according to the rhythm selected, created a few algorithms for the visualization of basic arrhythmia.

The main objective of this project is to teach students how the human heart functions.

The heart has 4 chambers and 4 valves: Right Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle, and Left Ventricle. Tricuspid Valve, Mitral Valve, Aortic Valve, Pulmonic Valve. - The valves prevent the backflow of blood

The human heart has two types of muscle cells for functioning. 1. Contractile cells: Helps in contraction and relaxation of the heart2. Conducting cells: They carry the electricity throughout the heart to contractile cells.

Basic Physiology:

Circulatory System:

The right side of the heart (Right Atrium) receives the deoxygenated blood from the Superior and Inferior vena cava and sends it to the Right Ventricle via the Tricuspid valve. From the Right ventricle, the blood ejects out to the lungs for purification via the Pulmonic valve.

The left side of the heart (Left Atrium) receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs through 4 pulmonary veins and sends it to the Left Ventricle via the mitral valve. From the Left Ventricle, blood is ejected out to the whole body for circulation via the aortic valve.

Conduction System:

SA Node: Natural pacemaker of the heart. Electrical Impulses begin here. AV Node: It lies in between the Atria and ventricles. The impulse from the SA node reaches the AV node. The impulse delays a bit for ventricular filling. Bundle of HIS and Branches: The impulse from the AV node reaches His bundle and bifurcates into Left and Right Bundle Branches. Purkinje Network: The Purkinje network layers up both the ventricles and impulses will make the ventricles to contract and eject the blood out.

Understanding Arrhythmias:

Any deviation from normal rhythm is termed arrhythmia.

SA node - P wave, AV node - PR Interval, Bundle Branches and purkinje network - qRS complex, Ventricle Relaxation - T wave

Common Arrhythmia

Normal Sinus Rhythm: It is the heart’s default rhythm. Pacemaker cells in the SA node initiate the impulse at a rate of 60 to 100 BPM.

SA -> AV -> Bundle branches -> Purkinje networks.

Tachycardia > 100 bpm, Bradycardia < 60 bpm.

Snapshot of simulation of sinus rhythm.

Junctional Rhythm: Junctional rhythm occurs when the impulse starts at the AV node instead of the SA node. Sometimes the SA node may fire a bit late, AV node takes over and initiates the impulse. Occurs when there is increased automaticity in the AV node coupled with decreased automaticity in the SA node. Intrinsic rate: 40-60 bpm.

AV -> Bundle branches -> Purkinje networks.

Accelerated Junctional: 60-100 bpm Junctional tachycardia > 100 BPM

Snapshot of simulation of Junctional rhythm.

Ventricular Rhythm: When the SA node is blocked, latent pacemaker cells become active and start conducting. When the ventricle takes over it results in Ventricular Rhythm. There will be no P-waves and qRS will be wide. Both SA and AV node stops producing impulses.

intrinsic rate of 20-40 bpm. Accelerated Ventricular Rhythm: 40-100 bpm, Ventricular tachycardia >100 bpm.

Snapshot of simulation of Ventricular rhythm.

First Degree AV Block: There is a delay in conduction from the atria to the ventricles. The rest of the conduction system remains undisturbed. The PR interval is greater than 200 milliseconds. This condition is always asymptomatic and found only in regular ECG check-ups. When the SA node fires the impulse but delays more than 200 ms in the AV node.

Snapshot of simulation of First Degree AV Block.

Second Degree AV Block: Type 1: Commonly called Wenckebach / Mobitz1. Progressive prolongation of the PR interval culminating in a non-conducting P wave. It is due to a reversible block at the AV node. Malfunctioning AV node cells tend to progressively fatigue until they fail to conduct an impulse. Some impulses get dropped off without reaching the ventricles. The PR interval will be changing constantly.

Snapshot of simulation of Second Degree AV Block Type I.

Type 2: :

There are intermittent non-conducted P-waves with constant PR interval. It is due to failure of conduction at the level of His bundle type II is more likely due to structural damage to the heart. Mobitz II is an “all or none” phenomenon where His-Purkinje cells suddenly fail to conduct the impulse.

Snapshot of Simulation of Second Degree AV Block Type II.

Third Degree AV Block: There is a complete absence of AV conduction. It may be due to profound fatigue of AV Nodal cells and/or complete conduction failure of his-purkinje system. PR interval changes as in Mobitz 1. Here the P wave can be seen merging with qRS complexes. The SA node generates the impulses randomly and sometimes it will get conducted. the ventricular rhythm overrides the situation. Both Impulses fire randomly without sync.

Snapshot of simulation of Complete Heart Block.

Pulseless Electrical Activity: It occurs when organized electrical activity of the heart persists but the ejection of the left ventricle is not sufficient enough to produce a detectable pulse. Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia is a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia where ventricular contractions are very rapid and ineffective contractions. Due to rapid contractions, Cardiac output decreases and pulse is absent. Abnormal ventricular contraction and asynchrony even reduce the effectiveness of contraction and alter the hemodynamics.

Snapshot of simulation of Pulseless Electrical activity - Sinus.

Snapshot of simulation of Pulseless Electrical Activity -VTach.

Proposed System: The four valves of the heart were replaced with four servo motors. The conduction system nodes were denoted by LEDs as shown in figure 9. According to the rhythm the LEDs will glow and OFF. Different color LEDs were used to differentiate the nodes. Red – SA Node, Yellow – AV Node, Brown – Bundle of His, Green – Left & right bundles and purkinje fibers.

The device is turned ON by a simple slide switch. The potentiometer acts as a rhythm selector knob. For each level in the potentiometer, a different algorithm is coded. Normal/Tachy slide switch is to toggle fast rate rhythms. All these inputs were fed to the microcontroller (Arduino UNO) and processed. The Selected rhythm is displayed in LCD display and all those LEDs and servo motors function according to the rhythm selected. The Potentiometer is a variable resistor, where we can adjust the resistance by turning the knob. For each position of the potentiometer, the resistance value will differ. So I used it as a rhythm selector knob. The rhythm selector knob offers 7 menus. 1. Normal, 2. Junctional, 3. Ventricular rhythm, 4. Pulseless Electrical activity, 5. First Degree AV Block, 6. Second-degree Blocks, 7. Complete Heart Block.

I hope with the help of this project, students will be able to understand the mechanism of basic arrhythmia.

Snapshot of simulation of Switch off condition.

Future Advancements: The existing system only has few rhythms, The aim is to simulate other complicated arrhythmias in this model.

Code

Code for Heart model

Program 1:

#include <Servo.h>
Servo mitral;
Servo tricuspid;
Servo pulmonic;
Servo aortic;
int menu;
int exit1;
int tachy;
void setup()
{  
  Serial.begin(9600);
  mitral.attach(11);
  tricuspid.attach(10);
  pulmonic.attach(5);
  aortic.attach(9);
  pinMode(2, OUTPUT); //SA
  pinMode(3, OUTPUT); //AV
  pinMode(4, OUTPUT); //His bundle
  pinMode(7, OUTPUT); //Right network
  pinMode(6, OUTPUT); //Left network
  pinMode(A1, INPUT); //Menu
  pinMode(A5, INPUT); //Exit
  pinMode(12,INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
  menu = analogRead(A1);
  exit1 = analogRead(A5);
  tachy = digitalRead(12);
  //Serial.println(tachy);
  //Serial.println(exit1);  
  //Serial.println(menu);
  if (exit1 == 0)
  {
    Serial.println("Switch OFF");
    delay(1000);
  }
  else if (exit != 0)
  {
    if (menu >= 660) //Normal function
  	{
    	//Serial.println("Normal Sinus");
    	normal();
  	}  
  	else if (menu <= 600 and menu >= 480) // Junctional
  	{
    	//Serial.println("Junctional");
    	junctional();
  	}
  	else if (menu <= 460 and menu >= 420) // V_rhythm
  	{
   		//Serial.println("Ventricular rhythm");
    	v_rhythm();
  	}
    else if (menu <= 350 and menu >= 310) //Pulseless 
    {
        PEA(); 
    }
    else if (menu <= 260 and menu >= 170) //I degree
    {
      Frst_deg();
    }
    else if (menu <= 140 and menu >= 60) //II Degree
    {
      Sec_deg();
    }
    else if (menu <= 50 and menu >= 0) //III Degree
    {
      CHB();
    }
  }
}
int normal()
{
  mitral.write(0);
  tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(0);
  aortic.write(0);
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(300);
  digitalWrite(2,LOW); 
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  mitral.write(90);tricuspid.write(90);
  delay(1000);
  digitalWrite(3,LOW);
  mitral.write(0);
  tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(90);
  aortic.write(90);  
  delay(600);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(500);  
  pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW);  
  if (tachy == LOW)
  {
    delay(2000);
  }
  else
  {
   delay(200); 
  }
}
int junctional()
{ 
  mitral.write(0);
  tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(0);
  aortic.write(0); 
  digitalWrite(2,LOW);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  mitral.write(90);tricuspid.write(90);
  delay(1500);
  digitalWrite(3,LOW);
  mitral.write(0);
  tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(90);
  aortic.write(90);  
  delay(700);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(500);  
  pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW);  
  if (tachy == LOW)
  {
    delay(2500);
  }
  else
  {
   delay(50); 
  }
}
int v_rhythm()
{
  mitral.write(0);
  tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(0);
  aortic.write(0); 
  digitalWrite(2,LOW);
  digitalWrite(3, LOW);
  mitral.write(90);tricuspid.write(90);
  delay(300);
  digitalWrite(3,LOW);
  mitral.write(0);
  tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(90);
  aortic.write(90);  
  delay(400);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(300);  
  pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW); 
  if (tachy == LOW)
  {
    delay(3000);
  }
  else
  {
   delay(10); 
  }
}
int PEA()
{
  if (tachy == LOW)
  {
    mitral.write(0);
  	tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(0);
    aortic.write(0);
    digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
    delay(300);
    digitalWrite(2,LOW); 
    digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
    mitral.write(0);tricuspid.write(0);
    delay(1000);
    digitalWrite(3,LOW);
    mitral.write(0);
    tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(0);
    aortic.write(0);  
    delay(600);
    digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
    delay(500);  
    pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
    digitalWrite(4, LOW);
    digitalWrite(6, LOW);
    digitalWrite(7, LOW);
    delay(2500);
  } 
  else if (tachy == HIGH)
  {
    mitral.write(0);
    tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(0);
  	aortic.write(0); 
  	digitalWrite(2, LOW);
  	digitalWrite(3, LOW);
  	mitral.write(0);tricuspid.write(0);
  	//delay(500);
  	digitalWrite(3, LOW);
  	mitral.write(0);
  	tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(00);
  	aortic.write(0);  
  	delay(200);
  	digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  	digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  	digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  	delay(300);  
  	pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
  	digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  	digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  	digitalWrite(7, LOW); 
    delay(10);
  }
}
int Frst_deg()
{
  mitral.write(0);
  tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(0);
  aortic.write(0);
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(700);
  digitalWrite(2,LOW);
  delay(1500);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  mitral.write(90);tricuspid.write(90);
  delay(1000);
  digitalWrite(3,LOW);
  mitral.write(0);
  tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(90);
  aortic.write(90);  
  delay(600);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(500);  
  pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW); 
  delay (2000);
}
int Sec_deg()
{
  if (tachy == LOW) //Type 2
  {
    mitral.write(0);
    tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(0);
    aortic.write(0);
    digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
    delay(400);
    digitalWrite(2,LOW);
    delay(500);
    digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
    delay(300);
    digitalWrite(3, LOW);
    delay(1000)
    digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
    delay(400);
    digitalWrite(2,LOW);
    delay(500);
    digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
    mitral.write(90);tricuspid.write(90);
    delay(1000);
    digitalWrite(3,LOW);
    mitral.write(0);
    tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(90);
    aortic.write(90);  
    delay(600);
    digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
    delay(500);  
    pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
    digitalWrite(4, LOW);
    digitalWrite(6, LOW);
    digitalWrite(7, LOW); 
    delay (3000);
  }
  else if (tachy == HIGH) //Type 1
  {
     int r = random(100,3000);
     Serial.println(r);
     mitral.write(0);
     tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(0);
     aortic.write(0);
     digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
     delay(400);
     digitalWrite(2,LOW);
     delay(500);
     digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
     delay(300);
     digitalWrite(3, LOW);
     delay(r);
     digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
     delay(700);
     digitalWrite(2,LOW);
     delay(1500);
     digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
     delay(300);
     mitral.write(90);tricuspid.write(90);
     delay(1000);
     digitalWrite(3,LOW);
     mitral.write(0);
     tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(90);
     aortic.write(90);  
     delay(600);
     digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
     digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
     digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
     delay(500);  
     pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
     digitalWrite(4, LOW);
     digitalWrite(6, LOW);
     digitalWrite(7, LOW); 
     delay (2000);
  }
}
int CHB()
{
     int r = random(100,3000);
     Serial.println(r);
     mitral.write(0);
     tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(0);
     aortic.write(0);
     digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
     delay(800);
     digitalWrite(2,LOW);
     delay(700);
     delay(r);
     if (r>2000)       
     {
       mitral.write(0);
       tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(90);
       aortic.write(90); 
       delay(200);
       digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
       digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
       digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
       delay(500);  
       pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
       digitalWrite(4, LOW);
       digitalWrite(6, LOW);
       digitalWrite(7, LOW); 
     }
     digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
     delay(700);
     digitalWrite(3, LOW);
     delay(r);
     if (r > 0 and r < 1000)
     {
       digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
       delay(400);
       digitalWrite(2,LOW);
       delay(r);
       mitral.write(0);
       tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(90);
       aortic.write(90);  
       delay(600);
       digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
       digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
       digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
       delay(500);  
       pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
       digitalWrite(4, LOW);
       digitalWrite(6, LOW);
       digitalWrite(7, LOW); 
     }
     digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
     delay(700);
     digitalWrite(2,LOW);
     delay(1500);
     digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
     delay(300);
     mitral.write(90);tricuspid.write(90);
     delay(1000);
     digitalWrite(3,LOW);
     if (r > 2000)
     {
       digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
       delay(400);
       digitalWrite(2,LOW);
       delay(r);
     }
     mitral.write(0);
     tricuspid.write(0);pulmonic.write(90);
     aortic.write(90); 
     if (r > 1000 and r < 2000)
     {
       digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
       digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
       digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
       delay(500);  
       pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
       digitalWrite(4, LOW);
       digitalWrite(6, LOW);
       digitalWrite(7, LOW); 
     }
     delay(600);
     digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
     digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
     digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
     delay(500);  
     pulmonic.write(0);aortic.write(0);  
     digitalWrite(4, LOW);
     digitalWrite(6, LOW);
     digitalWrite(7, LOW); 
     delay (3000);
}

Program 2:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd_1(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
int menu;
int tachy;
byte customChar_[8] = {
  0b00000,
  0b00000,
  0b00000,
  0b00000,
  0b00000,
  0b00000,
  0b11111,
  0b00000
};
byte customChar_P[8] = {
  0b00000,
  0b00000,
  0b00000,
  0b00000,
  0b00100,
  0b01110,
  0b11111,
  0b00000
};
byte customChar_qRS[8] = {
   0b00100,
   0b01100,
   0b01100,
   0b01100,
   0b01100,
   0b01100,
   0b01011,
   0b10000
};
byte customChar_T1[8] = {
  0b00000,
  0b00000,
  0b00001,
  0b00011,
  0b00111,
  0b01111,
  0b11111,
  0b00000
};
byte customChar_T2[8] = {
  0b00000,
  0b00000,
  0b00000,
  0b11000,
  0b11100,
  0b11110,
  0b11111,
  0b00000
};
byte customChar_WqRS[8] = {
  0b00100,
  0b01010,
  0b11011,
  0b11011,
  0b11011,
  0b11011,
  0b11011,
  0b00000
};
int asystole()
{
  lcd_1.setCursor(1,1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
}
int normal()
{     
  lcd_1.setCursor(6,1); 
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)2);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
} 
int Junctional()
{
  lcd_1.setCursor(6,1); 
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)2);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
}
int ventricle() 
{
  lcd_1.setCursor(6,1); 
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)5);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
}
int v_tach()
{
  lcd_1.setCursor(8,1); 
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)5);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
}
int frst_deg()
{
  lcd_1.setCursor(6,1); 
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)2);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
}
int sec_ty1()
{
  lcd_1.setCursor(1,1); 
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)2);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)2);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)2);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
}
int sec_ty2()
{  
  lcd_1.setCursor(1,1); 
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)2);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)2);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)2);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
}
int CHB()
{
  lcd_1.setCursor(1,1); 
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)2);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)2);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)5);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)3);
  lcd_1.write((byte)4);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)0);
  lcd_1.write((byte)1);
}
void setup()
{
  pinMode(7,INPUT);
  pinMode(A0,INPUT);
  pinMode(8,INPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
  lcd_1.begin(16, 2); // Set up the number of columns and rows on the LCD.
  lcd_1.createChar(0, customChar_); 
  lcd_1.createChar(1, customChar_P);
  lcd_1.createChar(2, customChar_qRS);
  lcd_1.createChar(3, customChar_T1);
  lcd_1.createChar(4, customChar_T2);
  lcd_1.createChar(5, customChar_WqRS);
}
void loop()
{ 
  tachy = digitalRead(8);
  lcd_1.setCursor(0, 0);
  if (digitalRead(7) == LOW)
  {
   lcd_1.clear();
   lcd_1.print("Switch OFF!");
   asystole();
   delay(1000);
  }
  else if (digitalRead(7) == HIGH)
  {
    menu = analogRead(A0);
    if (menu >= 660) //Normal function
  	{
      lcd_1.clear();  
      lcd_1.print("Normal Sinus");
      normal();
      if(tachy == HIGH)
      {
        lcd_1.setCursor(0, 1);
        lcd_1.print("Tachy");
        delay(1000);
      } 
      delay(1000);
  	}  
  	else if (menu <= 600 and menu >= 480) // Junctional
  	{
       lcd_1.clear();
       lcd_1.print("Junctional");
       Junctional();
       if(tachy == HIGH)
       {
         lcd_1.setCursor(0, 1);
         lcd_1.print("Tachy");
         delay(1000);
       } 
       delay(1000);
  	}
  	else if (menu <= 460 and menu >= 420) // V_rhythm
  	{
       lcd_1.clear();
       lcd_1.print("Ventr. Rhythm    ");
       ventricle();
       if(tachy == HIGH)
      {
        lcd_1.setCursor(0, 1);
        lcd_1.print("Tachy");
        v_tach();
        delay(1000);
      } 
      delay(1000);
    }
    else if (menu <= 350 and menu >= 310)
    {
      lcd_1.clear();
      lcd_1.print("Pulseless Rhythm");
      lcd_1.setCursor(0, 1);
      if (tachy == LOW)
      {
        lcd_1.print("Sinus");
        normal();
      }
      else if (tachy == HIGH)
      {
      	lcd_1.setCursor(0, 1);
      	lcd_1.print("V-Tach");
        v_tach();
      	delay(1000);
      }
      delay(1000);
    }
    else if (menu <= 260 and menu >= 170)
    {
      lcd_1.clear();
      lcd_1.print("First Degree HB");
      frst_deg();
      delay(1000);
    }
    else if (menu <= 150 and menu >= 60)
    {
      lcd_1.clear();
      if (tachy == HIGH)
      {
      	lcd_1.print("Second Degree HB Type-1");
        sec_ty1();
        for(int P = 0; P < 50; P++)
        {
    		lcd_1.scrollDisplayLeft();
    		delay(150);
    	}
      		delay(1000);
      }
      else
      {
      	lcd_1.print("Second Degree HB Type-2");
        sec_ty2();
        for(int P = 0; P < 50; P++)
        {
    		lcd_1.scrollDisplayLeft();
    		delay(300);
    	}
      	delay(1000);
       }
      delay(1000);
    }
    else if (menu <= 50 and menu >= 0)
    {
      lcd_1.clear();
      lcd_1.print("Complete HB");
      CHB();
      for(int P = 0; P < 50; P++)
      {
    	lcd_1.scrollDisplayLeft();
    	delay(150);
       }
      delay(1000);
    }
  }
}

Credits

Ajeeth Dhoni

3 projects • 2 followers

Biomedical Engineer || Arduino project creator.

Human Heart Simulation with arrhythmia using Electronics

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Software apps and online services

Story

Schematics

Schematics

Code

Code for Heart model

Credits

Ajeeth Dhoni

Comments

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Human Heart Simulation with arrhythmia using Electronics

Human Heart Simulation with arrhythmia using Electronics

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Software apps and online services

Story

Schematics

Schematics

Code

Code for Heart model

Credits

Ajeeth Dhoni

Comments

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