MAX7219 Conquers Old-School 16-Segment Displays

#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
const int NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS = 96;
const int MAX_SIZE = 10;
const char OSeg [NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS] [MAX_SIZE] PROGMEM = { //Outer Segment Codes
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //*
{"00000000"},  //+
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //-
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  ///
{"00111100"},  //0
{"00011000"},  //1
{"00110100"},  //2
{"00111100"},  //3
{"00011000"},  //4
{"00101100"},  //5
{"00101100"},  //6
{"00111000"},  //7
{"00111100"},  //8
{"00111100"},  //9
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"11110111"},  //@
{"11111001"},  //A
{"01111110"},  //B
{"11100111"},  //C
{"01111110"},  //D
{"11100111"},  //E
{"11100001"},  //F
{"11101111"},  //G
{"10011001"},  //H
{"01100110"},  //I
{"00011111"},  //J
{"10000001"},  //K
{"10000111"},  //L
{"10011001"},  //M
{"10011001"},  //N
{"11111111"},  //O
{"11110001"},  //P
{"11111111"},  //Q
{"11110001"},  //R
{"11101110"},  //S
{"01100000"},  //T
{"10011111"},  //U
{"10000001"},  //V
{"10011001"},  //W
{"00000000"},  //X
{"10011110"},  //Y
{"01100110"},  //Z
{"00100100"},  //[
{"00000000"},  //\
{"01000010"},  //]
{"00000000"},  //^
{"00000110"},  //_
{"00000000"},  //`
{"00000111"},  //a
{"10000011"},  //b
{"00000011"},  //c
{"00000011"},  //d
{"00000011"},  //e
{"00100000"},  //f
{"11000010"},  //g
{"10000001"},  //h
{"00000000"},  //i
{"00000011"},  //j
{"00000000"},  //k
{"00000000"},  //l
{"00001001"},  //m
{"00000001"},  //n
{"00000011"},  //o
{"11000001"},  //p
{"11000000"},  //q
{"00000001"},  //r
{"11000010"},  //s
{"10000011"},  //t
{"00000011"},  //u
{"00000001"},  //v
{"00001001"},  //w
{"00000000"},  //x
{"10000010"},  //y
{"00000010"},  //z
{"00100100"},  //{
{"00000000"},  //|
{"01000010"},  //}
{"00000000"},  //~
{"00000000"},  //


 };

const char ISeg [NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS] [MAX_SIZE] PROGMEM = {  // Inner Segment Codes
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"11111111"},  //*
{"10100101"},  //+
{"00000000"},  //
{"10000001"},  //-
{"00000000"},  //
{"00010010"},  ///
{"00100100"},  //0
{"00010000"},  //1
{"10000100"},  //2
{"10000000"},  //3
{"10100000"},  //4
{"10100000"},  //5
{"10100100"},  //6
{"00000000"},  //7
{"10100100"},  //8
{"10100000"},  //9
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"00000000"},  //
{"10100000"},  //@
{"10000001"},  //A
{"10100100"},  //B
{"00000000"},  //C
{"00100100"},  //D
{"00000001"},  //E
{"00000001"},  //F
{"10000000"},  //G
{"10000001"},  //H
{"00100100"},  //I
{"00000000"},  //J
{"00011001"},  //K
{"00000000"},  //L
{"01010000"},  //M
{"01001000"},  //N
{"00000000"},  //O
{"10000001"},  //P
{"00001000"},  //Q
{"10001001"},  //R
{"10000001"},  //S
{"00100100"},  //T
{"00000000"},  //U
{"00010010"},  //V
{"00001010"},  //W
{"01011010"},  //X
{"10000001"},  //Y
{"00010010"},  //Z
{"00100100"},  //[
{"01001000"},  //\
{"00100100"},  //]
{"00001010"},  //^
{"00000000"},  //_
{"01000000"},  //`
{"00000101"},  //a
{"00000101"},  //b
{"00000001"},  //c
{"00100101"},  //d
{"00000011"},  //e
{"10100101"},  //f
{"00100101"},  //g
{"00000101"},  //h
{"00000100"},  //i
{"00100100"},  //j
{"00111100"},  //k
{"00100100"},  //l
{"10000101"},  //m
{"00000101"},  //n
{"00000101"},  //o
{"00100001"},  //p
{"00100101"},  //q
{"00000001"},  //r
{"00000101"},  //s
{"00000001"},  //t
{"00000100"},  //u
{"00000010"},  //v
{"00001010"},  //w
{"01011010"},  //x
{"00100101"},  //y
{"00000011"},  //z
{"00100101"},  //{
{"00100100"},  //|
{"10100100"},  //}
{"10010011"},  //~
{"00000000"},  //

}; 


#define Interval_Message 1200
#define MAX7219_DATA 5
#define MAX7219_CLOCK 7
#define MAX7219_LOAD 6
#define LdInner 9
#define LdOuter 8

unsigned long time1 = 0; // timer function
int x = 0; // message counter


// Various 16 character strings to display
const char string_0[] PROGMEM = " PERSISTANCE OF ";   
const char string_1[] PROGMEM = "   VISION DEMO  ";
const char string_2[] PROGMEM = "USES Arduino Uno";
const char string_3[] PROGMEM = " Some AND gates ";
const char string_4[] PROGMEM = "MAX7219 and 16- ";
const char string_5[] PROGMEM = "Segment displays";
const char string_6[] PROGMEM = "                ";

// Load the above strings into progmem
const char *const string_table[] PROGMEM = {string_0,string_1,string_2,string_3,string_4,string_5,string_6};
char buffer[17];  // 16 characters + 1 null


void initialize()
  {
    pinMode(MAX7219_LOAD,OUTPUT);
    pinMode(MAX7219_CLOCK,OUTPUT);
    pinMode(MAX7219_DATA,OUTPUT);
    pinMode(LdInner,OUTPUT);
    pinMode(LdOuter,OUTPUT);
    digitalWrite(MAX7219_LOAD,LOW);
    digitalWrite(LdInner, LOW);
    digitalWrite(LdOuter,LOW);
  }
 
 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void OuterSegments(byte address, word data) // Note: the 'data' is 16 bits which are split into highByte (for U6) and lowByte (for U2)
  {
    digitalWrite(LdOuter, HIGH); // AND Gate U1 sections A (clock signal) and D (load signal)
    
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, address); // U2 first gets the high byte (Upper 8 Displays Outer Segments) from the UNO
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, highByte(data));
    
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, address); // U2 now shifts the high byte into U6 while U2 gets the low byte (Lower 8 Displays Outer Segments)
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, lowByte(data));
    
    digitalWrite(MAX7219_LOAD, HIGH); // Load U2 and U6
    digitalWrite(MAX7219_LOAD, LOW);
    digitalWrite(LdOuter, LOW);
  }

void InnerSegments(byte address, word data) // Note: the 'data' is 16 bits which are split into highByte (for U9) and lowByte (for (U5)
  {
    digitalWrite(LdInner, HIGH); // AND Gate U1 sections B (clock signal) and C (load signal)
    
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, address); // U5 first gets the high byte (Upper 8 Displays Inner Segments) from the UNO
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, highByte(data));
    
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, address); // U5 now shifts the high byte into U9 while U5 gets the low byte (Lower 8 Displays Inner Segments)
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, lowByte(data));
    
    digitalWrite(MAX7219_LOAD, HIGH); // Load U5 and U9
    digitalWrite(MAX7219_LOAD, LOW);
    digitalWrite(LdInner, LOW);
  }


void CmdO(byte address, byte data) // these are U2 and U6 Control Register Commands (data is 8 bits)
  {
    digitalWrite(LdOuter, HIGH); // AND Gate U1 sections A (clock signal) and D (load signal)
    
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, address); // U2 first gets the address and data from the UNO
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, data);
    
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, address); // U2 shifts into U6 (Note: U2 and U6 get the identical address and data)
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, data);   
    
    digitalWrite(MAX7219_LOAD, HIGH); // Load U2 and U6
    digitalWrite(MAX7219_LOAD, LOW);
    digitalWrite(LdOuter, LOW);
  }
void CmdI(byte address, byte data) // these are U5 and U9 Control Register Commands (data is 8 bits)
  {
    digitalWrite(LdInner, HIGH); // AND Gate U1 sections B (clock signal) and C (load signal)
        
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, address); // U5 first gets the address and data from the UNO
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, data);
    
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, address); // U5 shifts into U9 (Note: U5 and U9 get the identical address and data)
    shiftOut(MAX7219_DATA, MAX7219_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, data);    
    
    digitalWrite(MAX7219_LOAD, HIGH); // Load U5 and U9
    digitalWrite(MAX7219_LOAD, LOW);
    digitalWrite(LdInner, LOW);
  }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    
void setup() {
  // MAX7219 Control Register Set-Up
  
  initialize();
  
  // Outer Segment Set-Up (U2 and U6 - See MAX7219 Data Sheet page 7)
  CmdO(0x0C, 0x00); // shutdown register
  CmdO(0x0F, 0x00); // display test register - test mode off
  CmdO(0x0B, 0x07); // scan limit register - display digits 0-7
  CmdO(0x0A, 0x08); // intensity register - set display brightness
  CmdO(0x09, 0x00); // decode mode register - set individual segments
  CmdO(0x00, 0000); // No-Op
  
  // Inner Segment Set-Up (U5 and U9 - See Max7219 Data Sheet page 7)
  CmdI(0x0c, 0x00); // shutdown register
  CmdI(0x0f, 0x00); // display test register - test mode off
  CmdI(0x0b, 0x07); // scan limit register - display digits 0-7
  CmdI(0x0a, 0x08); // intensity register - set display brightness
  CmdI(0x09, 0x00); // decode mode register - set individual segments
  CmdI(0x00, 0000); // No-Op
}
  

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

void get_message(int msg) 
  {
   strcpy_P(buffer, (char *)pgm_read_word(&(string_table[msg])));  // get message string from progmem
   String tempString = buffer; 
   char outSeg [MAX_SIZE];
   char inSeg [MAX_SIZE];
 
    for (int z = 0; z < 8; z++) 
      {
        int get_asciiHOO = tempString.charAt(z);
        memcpy_P (&outSeg, &OSeg [get_asciiHOO-32], sizeof outSeg); // Get the high order (Displays 9 thru 16) Outer Segment Codes from progmem
        char *Lo1;
        int OuterHigh = strtol(outSeg,&Lo1,2);
       
        int get_asciiLOO = tempString.charAt(z+8);
        memcpy_P (&outSeg, &OSeg [get_asciiLOO-32], sizeof outSeg); // Get the low order (Displays 1 thru 8) Outer Segment Codes from progmem
        char *Lo2;
        int OuterLow = strtol(outSeg,&Lo2,2);
    
       word OUTERdata = 0; // create the 16 bit word where 'high' is display 16, 'low' is display 8; each iteration thru this loop decrements until 'high' is display 9 and 'low' is display 1
       OUTERdata = word(OuterHigh,OuterLow);
       OuterSegments(8-z,OUTERdata);
    
  }
   for (int z = 0; z < 8; z++) 
     {
       int get_asciiHOI = tempString.charAt(z);
       memcpy_P (&inSeg, &ISeg[get_asciiHOI-32], sizeof inSeg); // Get the high order (Displays 9 thru 16) Inner Segment Codes from progmem
       char *Li1;
       int InnerHigh = strtol(inSeg, &Li1,2);
   
      int get_asciiLOI = tempString.charAt(z+8);
      memcpy_P(&inSeg, &ISeg[get_asciiLOI-32],sizeof inSeg); // Get the low order (Displays 1 thru 8) Inner Segment Codes from progmem
      char *Li2;
      int InnerLow = strtol(inSeg, &Li2,2);
    
      word INNERdata = 0;  // create the 16 bit word where 'high' is display 16, 'low' is display 8; each iteration thru this loop decrements until 'high' is display 9 and 'low' is display 1
      INNERdata = word(InnerHigh,InnerLow);
      InnerSegments(8-z,INNERdata);
  }
}

void loop() {
  // alternate inner segment chips (U5 and U9) and outer segment chips (U2 and U6) shutdown modes
  // the human eye cannot perceive the switch between inner and outer segments
    CmdO(0x0c,0001); // U2 and U6 exit Shutdown Mode
    delay(10);
    CmdO(0x0c,0000); // U2 and U6 enter Shutdown Mode
    CmdI(0x0c,0001); // U5 and U9 exit Shutdown Mode
    delay(10);
    CmdI(0x0c,0000); // U5 and U9 enter Shutdown Mode   
   
       if(millis() > time1 + Interval_Message){
        time1 = millis();
        get_message(x);
        x++;
        if (x==7) x = 0;
    } 
}